\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/h2>\n\n- Kalpa\u011f\u0131n tarih\u00ee k\u00f6kleri<\/a><\/li>\n
- Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemi ve fes<\/a><\/li>\n
- Atat\u00fcrk ve kalpak ili\u015fkisi<\/a><\/li>\n
- Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadelede kalpak<\/a><\/li>\n
- 1925 \u015eapka \u0130nk\u0131l\u00e2b\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n
- 19 May\u0131s ve kalpak sembolizmi<\/a><\/li>\n
- G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kalpak<\/a><\/li>\n
- S\u0131k\u00e7a sorulan sorular<\/a><\/li>\n
- Kalpak ve beden se\u00e7imi<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
![\"Atat\u00fcrk](\"https:\/\/www.derisitesi.com\/image\/catalog\/blog\/Ataturk-kalpak\/Ataturk-kalpakli-fotografi.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
Kalpak Nedir?<\/h2>\n
K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Turizm Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Portal\u0131, I\u011fd\u0131r y\u00f6resindeki kalpak\/papax \u00f6rne\u011fini o\u011flak veya kuzu derisinden yap\u0131lan, silindirik yap\u0131l\u0131 bir ba\u015fl\u0131k olarak tan\u0131mlar; ayn\u0131 kaynak bunu Orta Asya\u2019daki b\u00f6rk\u00fcn co\u011frafyaya uyarlanm\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imi olarak a\u00e7\u0131klar. B\u00f6rk ile kalpak terimleri tarih boyunca farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalarda farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in her d\u00f6neme ve toplulu\u011fa tek bir kal\u0131p uygulamak do\u011fru de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
Bu nedenle kalpa\u011f\u0131 yaln\u0131zca tek bir d\u00f6neme ait bir \u201cAtat\u00fcrk \u015fapkas\u0131\u201d olarak de\u011fil, daha geni\u015f bir T\u00fcrk ve Kafkas ba\u015fl\u0131k gelene\u011finin par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirmek daha do\u011frudur.<\/p>\n
Orta Asya\u2019dan gelen ba\u015fl\u0131k gelene\u011fi<\/h3>\n
Kalpak ve benzeri ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n k\u00f6klerini anlamak i\u00e7in T\u00fcrk topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n Orta Asya\u2019daki ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imine bakmak gerekir. Bozk\u0131rda yolculuk, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k ve sert mevsim ko\u015fullar\u0131, ke\u00e7e, deri ve k\u00fcrk\u00fcn giysilerde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etti. Ke\u00e7eden haz\u0131rlanan y\u00fcksek ve a\u00e7\u0131k renkli ba\u015fl\u0131klarla k\u00fcrkl\u00fc, koyu renkli ve daha al\u00e7ak modeller ayn\u0131 co\u011frafyada bile farkl\u0131 ihtiya\u00e7lara cevap verebiliyordu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla tarih boyunca tek bi\u00e7imli bir \u201cT\u00fcrk kalpa\u011f\u0131\u201d kullan\u0131lmad\u0131; malzeme, tepe bi\u00e7imi, i\u015flemeler ve ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011fi yerel geleneklere g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
Eski Journal yaz\u0131m\u0131zda da \u00f6rnek verdi\u011fimiz K\u0131rg\u0131z ak kalpa\u011f\u0131<\/strong> \u00e7o\u011funlukla beyaz ke\u00e7e ve karakteristik kesimiyle tan\u0131n\u0131r. Karakalpak<\/strong> ad\u0131 ise bu geleneksel ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n topluluklar\u0131n adland\u0131rmalar\u0131nda dahi ne kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131m ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret eder. Anadolu\u2019daki silindirik veya daha al\u00e7ak bi\u00e7imler, Kafkasya\u2019daki k\u00fcrkl\u00fc ba\u015fl\u0131klar ve Orta Asya\u2019daki ke\u00e7eli modellerin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc yaln\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f benzerli\u011fine bakarak ayn\u0131 tarihsel modele indirgememek gerekir.<\/p>\nKalpa\u011f\u0131n T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcndeki yeri ve anlam\u0131<\/h3>\n
Geleneksel ba\u015fl\u0131klar yaln\u0131zca hava ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan korunmak i\u00e7in de\u011fil, toplumsal ya\u015famda ait olunan \u00e7evreyi, ya\u015fa ba\u011fl\u0131 gelenekleri, t\u00f6ren k\u0131yafetlerini ve kimi yerlerde stat\u00fcy\u00fc g\u00f6stermek amac\u0131yla da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bi\u00e7imi kadar i\u015flemeli y\u00fczeyleri ve kullan\u0131lan renkler de \u00f6nemli olabilir. \u00d6zellikle g\u00f6\u00e7ebe ya\u015fam\u0131n ve yerel zanaat\u0131n devam etti\u011fi b\u00f6lgelerde kalpak, ustal\u0131k bilgisinin bir ku\u015faktan di\u011ferine aktar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n arac\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Bu anlam zaman i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fti. Baz\u0131 Kafkas ve Orta Asya topluluklar\u0131nda geleneksel ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 aidiyet ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel s\u00fcreklilikle ili\u015fkilendirildi; Anadolu\u2019da ise farkl\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131k bi\u00e7imleri asker\u00ee, sivil ve g\u00fcndelik kullan\u0131m\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu. Kalpa\u011f\u0131n Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele foto\u011fraflar\u0131nda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, b\u00f6yle bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fin \u00fczerine eklenen yeni bir g\u00f6rsel ve tarih\u00ee \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131m<\/strong>d\u0131r. K\u0131rg\u0131z, Kazak ve T\u00fcrkmen \u00f6rneklerinin ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in Orta Asya b\u00f6rk ve kalpak k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc<\/a> yaz\u0131m\u0131za da bakabilirsiniz.<\/p>\nOrijinal Journal yaz\u0131m\u0131zdaki \u00f6nemli ba\u015fl\u0131klardan biri, Orta Asya\u2019dan Anadolu\u2019ya uzanan bu gelene\u011fin ayn\u0131 anda hem s\u00fcreklilik hem de de\u011fi\u015fim g\u00f6stermesi<\/strong>ydi. Ke\u00e7ecilikte kullan\u0131lan kal\u0131plar, derinin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131, k\u00fcrk\u00fcn yerle\u015ftirilmesi ve i\u015flemeler, ustalar\u0131n malzeme bilgisine dayan\u0131r. Bununla birlikte bug\u00fcn internet \u00fczerinde sat\u0131lan \u201cK\u0131rg\u0131z kalpa\u011f\u0131\u201d, \u201cKafkas kalpa\u011f\u0131\u201d ve \u201cAtat\u00fcrk kalpa\u011f\u0131\u201d ayn\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn ailesi alt\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcnse bile tarih\u00ee ve bi\u00e7imsel a\u00e7\u0131dan birebir e\u015fde\u011fer de\u011fildir.<\/p>\nBir kalpa\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131mak i\u00e7in \u00f6nce hangi y\u00f6rede ve ne ama\u00e7la kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na, daha sonra malzeme ve bi\u00e7imine bakmak gerekir. Ke\u00e7e mi k\u00fcrk m\u00fc kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, y\u00fcksekli\u011fin ve tepenin nas\u0131l \u015fekillendi\u011fi, ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n hangi mevsimlerde tercih edildi\u011fi, i\u015flemelerin yerel anlam\u0131 ve varsa foto\u011fraf\u0131n hangi tarihte \u00e7ekildi\u011fi bu de\u011ferlendirmeye katk\u0131 sa\u011flar. B\u00f6ylece kalpa\u011f\u0131n uzun tarihini, tek bir ki\u015finin veya tek bir moda ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde okuyabiliriz.<\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131\u2019da Ba\u015fl\u0131k Modas\u0131: Fesin Y\u00fckseli\u015fi ve Kalpak<\/h2>\n
Osmanl\u0131 toplumunda ba\u015fl\u0131k \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca sar\u0131k, kavuk, k\u00fclah, fes ve k\u00fcrkl\u00fc ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 kaps\u0131yordu. B\u00f6lge, meslek, ya\u015f ve t\u00f6ren gelene\u011fi giyim tercihlerine yans\u0131yordu. II. Mahmud d\u00f6nemindeki yenilikler<\/strong> bu \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin resm\u00ee k\u0131yafet alan\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. 1826\u2019da Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan yeni ordunun giyimi yeniden d\u00fczenlendi; 1829\u2019dan itibaren fes, devlet g\u00f6revlilerinin k\u0131yafetinde daha belirgin bir yer kazand\u0131.<\/p>\nBu de\u011fi\u015fiklik, modernle\u015fme ve kurumlar\u0131n ortak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm kazanmas\u0131 \u00e7abas\u0131yla ili\u015fkiliydi. \u0130lk benimsenme y\u0131llar\u0131nda yenilik olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen fes, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na gelindi\u011finde toplumsal al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n ve Osmanl\u0131 kimli\u011finin tan\u0131nan bir par\u00e7as\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bununla birlikte bir ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n devlet g\u00f6revlileri aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131, di\u011fer yerel ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmedi. Ta\u015frada, sert iklim b\u00f6lgelerinde ve farkl\u0131 geleneksel k\u0131yafetlerde kalpak ve benzeri k\u00fcrkl\u00fc ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na rastlanabiliyordu.<\/p>\n
I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda<\/strong> asker\u00ee k\u0131yafet ve cephe ko\u015fullar\u0131, farkl\u0131 kuma\u015f ve k\u0131\u015fl\u0131k ba\u015fl\u0131k bi\u00e7imlerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 da etkiledi. Enver Pa\u015fa ile ili\u015fkilendirilen \u201cEnveriye\u201d tipi asker\u00ee ba\u015fl\u0131k, d\u00f6nemin fes d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki se\u00e7enekleri aras\u0131nda an\u0131l\u0131r. Ancak bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ma\u011fazalarda \u201cEnver Pa\u015fa kalpa\u011f\u0131\u201d olarak sunulan her modelin o d\u00f6nemde \u00fcretilmi\u015f belirli bir \u00f6rnekle birebir ayn\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek do\u011fru olmaz. Ba\u015fl\u0131k adlar\u0131 zamanla hem tarih\u00ee g\u00f6ndermeler hem de ticari tasar\u0131m isimleri olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\nBu arka plan, Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele s\u0131ras\u0131nda kalpakl\u0131 asker\u00ee ve sivil foto\u011fraflar\u0131n neden dikkat \u00e7ekici oldu\u011funu anlamaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Fes, kalpak ve di\u011fer ba\u015fl\u0131klar d\u00f6nem boyunca tek bir g\u00fcnde birbirinin yerini almad\u0131; kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131 ve simgesel anlamlar\u0131 toplumsal ve siyasal ko\u015fullarla de\u011fi\u015fti. Atat\u00fcrk Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi Dergisi’nin k\u0131yafet tarihi incelemesi<\/a> bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn daha geni\u015f ba\u011flam\u0131n\u0131 ele al\u0131r.<\/p>\nAtat\u00fcrk ve Kalpak \u0130li\u015fkisi<\/h2>\n
Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele y\u0131llar\u0131na ait \u00e7ok say\u0131da foto\u011fraf\u0131nda kalpak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu g\u00f6rsel kay\u0131tlar, kalpa\u011f\u0131n d\u00f6nemin asker\u00ee ve siyasal \u00e7evrelerinde yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan ba\u015fl\u0131klardan biri oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterir. Kalpa\u011f\u0131n Atat\u00fcrk taraf\u0131ndan belirli bir siyasi mesaj vermek amac\u0131yla se\u00e7ildi\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00e7e\u015fitli yorumlar bulunsa da, bu t\u00fcr yorumlar\u0131 do\u011frudan belgelenmi\u015f niyet gibi sunmamak gerekir.<\/p>\n
Atat\u00fcrk Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi\u2019nin Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele kaynaklar\u0131nda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan temel \u00e7er\u00e7eve; hareketin mill\u00ee ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, mill\u00ee irade ve milletin do\u011frudan kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Kalpakl\u0131 Atat\u00fcrk foto\u011fraflar\u0131n\u0131n bug\u00fcn bu d\u00f6nemle g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bi\u00e7imde \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fmesinin nedeni de b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bu tarihsel ba\u011flamd\u0131r.<\/p>\n
![\"Ay](\"https:\/\/www.derisitesi.com\/image\/catalog\/blog\/Ataturk-kalpak\/ay-yildiz-Ataturk-kalpak.jpg\")
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Kalpakl\u0131 Atat\u00fcrk g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn tarih\u00ee yeri<\/h3>\n
Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Erzurum, Sivas ve Ankara y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki<\/strong> ya\u015fam\u0131 farkl\u0131 k\u0131yafetlerle belgelenmi\u015ftir. Onun kalpakl\u0131 portreleri, bug\u00fcn ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesiyle \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fen g\u00f6rseller aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir. Eski yaz\u0131m\u0131zda ge\u00e7en \u201cKemal\u00ee kalpak\u201d gibi adland\u0131rmalar\u0131n kimi anlat\u0131larda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, mutlaka de\u011fi\u015fmez \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerde ve tek bi\u00e7imde bir model bulundu\u011funu g\u00f6stermez; bu nedenle bir foto\u011frafa bakarak ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imini veya ni\u00e7in tercih edildi\u011fini kesinle\u015ftirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\u00d6zellikle 19 May\u0131s 1919 Samsun\u2019a \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f<\/strong> sahnesini g\u00f6steren temsili resimler ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yap\u0131lan canland\u0131rmalar, oradaki her k\u0131yafet ayr\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan olay an\u0131ndan kalma bir foto\u011frafla do\u011fruland\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez. Mustafa Kemal\u2019in yolculu\u011fu ve Samsun\u2019a geli\u015fi tarih\u00ee olarak belgelenmi\u015ftir; bir canland\u0131rmada g\u00f6r\u00fclen kalpa\u011f\u0131n o an i\u00e7in kesin tan\u0131kl\u0131k say\u0131lmas\u0131 ise ayr\u0131 bir iddiad\u0131r. Bu ayr\u0131m, kalpakl\u0131 Atat\u00fcrk imgesini tarih\u00ee olgularla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmadan de\u011ferlendirmemizi sa\u011flar.<\/p>\nKalpakl\u0131 portrelerin kamuoyundaki etkisi yaln\u0131zca ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcnden do\u011fmaz. Mill\u00ee egemenlik, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve yeni bir siyasal d\u00fczen aray\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ili\u015fkili d\u00f6nemin foto\u011fraflar\u0131, sonraki ku\u015faklar taraf\u0131ndan da ortak haf\u0131zan\u0131n par\u00e7alar\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Edebiyatta Samim Kocag\u00f6z\u2019\u00fcn Kalpakl\u0131lar<\/em> roman\u0131<\/strong> gibi eserlerde kalpak, geni\u015f bir toplulu\u011fu ve d\u00f6nemi \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir anlat\u0131m unsuruna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Buradaki edeb\u00ee sembolizm ile bir ki\u015finin ba\u015fl\u0131k se\u00e7iminin belgelenmi\u015f niyetini birbirinden ay\u0131rmak gerekir.<\/p>\nMill\u00ee M\u00fccadele D\u00f6neminde Kalpak<\/h2>\n
1919\u20131922 d\u00f6nemine ait foto\u011fraflarda kalpak yaln\u0131zca Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa\u2019da de\u011fil, farkl\u0131 komutanlarda, milletvekillerinde ve d\u00f6nemin ba\u015fka isimlerinde de g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu nedenle kalpa\u011f\u0131n Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fmesi yaln\u0131zca tek bir ki\u015fiye ait bir giyim tercihi olarak a\u00e7\u0131klanamaz; d\u00f6nemin g\u00f6rsel k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u201cKuvay\u0131 Milliye kalpa\u011f\u0131\u201d, \u201cAtat\u00fcrk kalpa\u011f\u0131\u201d veya \u201cGazi kalpa\u011f\u0131\u201d gibi adlarla sat\u0131lan \u00fcr\u00fcnler tarih\u00ee modellerden esinlenen \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f tasar\u0131mlard\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n her birini belirli bir tarih\u00ee ki\u015fiye ait birebir kopya olarak tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in ayr\u0131ca belge gerekir. \u00dcr\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131nda \u201cesinlenilmi\u015f model\u201d ifadesi bu nedenle daha sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1919\u2019da ba\u015flayan Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele s\u00fcrecinde \u00e7e\u015fitli kongreler, asker\u00ee haz\u0131rl\u0131klar ve yeni meclisin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131yla siyasal merkez Anadolu\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. Foto\u011fraflar, k\u0131yafetlerin bu de\u011fi\u015fken ortamda farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 sadece \u201cfes giyenler\u201d ve \u201ckalpak giyenler\u201d \u015feklinde iki keskin gruba ay\u0131rmak yerine, d\u00f6nemin asker\u00ee geleneklerini, hava ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 ve toplumsal al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 birlikte de\u011ferlendirmek daha do\u011fru olur.<\/p>\n
Kalpak, askerlerin veya komutanlar\u0131n k\u0131\u015fl\u0131k gereksinimlerine uygun bir ba\u015fl\u0131k olman\u0131n yan\u0131nda, d\u00f6nemin toplu foto\u011fraflar\u0131nda da dikkat \u00e7ekici bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcme kavu\u015ftu. Zamanla foto\u011fraflardaki bu ortak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm, resm\u00ee anma programlar\u0131nda, ders kitaplar\u0131nda, heykellerde ve tarih\u00ee canland\u0131rmalarda Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele’yi temsil eden simgelerden biri olarak benimsendi. Ancak her meclis \u00fcyesinin ayn\u0131 kalpa\u011f\u0131 takt\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> ya da halk\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn bu ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir siyasi aidiyet g\u00f6stergesi olarak kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi genellemeler i\u00e7in kan\u0131t gerekir.<\/p>\nBu y\u00fczden Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn kalpakl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn tarih\u00ee de\u011ferini de\u011ferlendirirken iki d\u00fczeyi birlikte g\u00f6rmek gerekir: D\u00f6nemde fiilen kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir ba\u015fl\u0131k<\/strong> olmas\u0131 ve sonraki y\u0131llarda o d\u00f6nemin haf\u0131zadaki sembollerinden birine<\/strong> d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi. Kalpak; foto\u011frafta g\u00f6r\u00fclen nesne, romandaki simge ve bug\u00fcn yeniden \u00fcretilen tarih\u00ee g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcml\u00fc \u00fcr\u00fcn olarak \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 ba\u011flamda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n\u015eapka ve K\u0131yafet Devrimi ile Kalpak Aras\u0131ndaki \u0130li\u015fki<\/h2>\n
25 Kas\u0131m 1925\u2019te kabul edilen 671 say\u0131l\u0131 \u015eapka \u0130ktisas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Kanun, TBMM \u00fcyeleri ile devlet memur ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fapka giymesini zorunlu k\u0131ld\u0131; ayr\u0131ca T\u00fcrkiye halk\u0131n\u0131n genel ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u015fapka oldu\u011funu belirtti. Kanunun metninde \u201ckalpak\u201d kelimesi tek tek say\u0131larak yasaklanmaz. Bu nedenle \u201c\u015eapka Kanunu kalpa\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yasaklad\u0131\u201d demek kanun metnini a\u015fan bir ifadedir.<\/p>\n
Atat\u00fcrk Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi, 1925\u2019teki \u015fapka ve k\u0131yafet d\u00fczenlemelerini Cumhuriyet\u2019in \u00e7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015fma program\u0131 i\u00e7inde ele al\u0131r. 671 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun ayr\u0131ca Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 174. maddesinde korunan ink\u0131lap kanunlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda say\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1925\u2019e giden s\u00fcre\u00e7 ve farkl\u0131 tepkiler<\/h3>\n
Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilan\u0131ndan sonra g\u00fcndeme gelen k\u0131yafet d\u00fczenlemeleri, y\u00f6netim kurumlar\u0131 ile toplumun g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeyi ama\u00e7layan daha geni\u015f de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131. 1925 A\u011fustosundaki Kastamonu ve \u0130nebolu gezileri<\/strong> s\u0131ras\u0131nda Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, kenarl\u0131 \u015fapkay\u0131 kamuoyuna tan\u0131tt\u0131. Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin k\u0131yafetine ili\u015fkin kararlar al\u0131nd\u0131; 25 Kas\u0131m 1925\u2019te de 671 say\u0131l\u0131 \u015eapka \u0130ktisas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Kanun kabul edildi.<\/p>\nKanunda milletvekilleri ile devlet memurlar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fapka kullanmas\u0131na dair a\u00e7\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcmler bulunur. Kanunun halk i\u00e7in genel ba\u015fl\u0131k olarak \u015fapkay\u0131 benimsemesi ile b\u00fct\u00fcn vatanda\u015flar\u0131n kalpak giydi\u011fi i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde cezaland\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na dair bir h\u00fck\u00fcm bulundu\u011funu<\/strong> ileri s\u00fcrmek ayn\u0131 \u015fey de\u011fildir. Bu ayr\u0131m, eski Journal metnindeki \u201ckalpak resm\u00ee olarak b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle yasakland\u0131\u201d ifadelerinin neden d\u00fczeltilmesi gerekti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor. D\u00fczenleme ve uygulamalar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirirken d\u00f6nemin mevzuat\u0131yla de\u011fi\u015fen idari pratikleri birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmamak gerekir. Atat\u00fcrk Ansiklopedisi’nin \u015eapka \u0130nk\u0131l\u00e2b\u0131 incelemesi<\/a> kanun metnini ve tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ele al\u0131r.<\/p>\n\u015eapkaya ge\u00e7i\u015fin her yerde ayn\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da tarih\u00ee kaynaklarda anlat\u0131l\u0131r. D\u00f6nemin baz\u0131 \u00e7evreleri de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi modernle\u015fme y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir ad\u0131m sayarken, baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc tepkiler ve protestolar g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc; bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te yarg\u0131lamalar ve cezaland\u0131rmalar da ya\u015fand\u0131. Fesin \u00f6nceki y\u00fczy\u0131lda yenilik\u00e7i bir tercihken zamanla gelenekselle\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131, ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n anlam\u0131n\u0131n toplumsal ko\u015fullara g\u00f6re nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015febildi\u011fine dikkat \u00e7eker.<\/p>\n
Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele\u2019yi hat\u0131rlatan kalpakl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc ile Cumhuriyet\u2019in sonraki modernle\u015fme d\u00f6nemi foto\u011fraflar\u0131nda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan kenarl\u0131 \u015fapkalar, Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn farkl\u0131 tarih\u00ee evrelerdeki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc belgeleyen unsurlard\u0131r. Bu de\u011fi\u015fimi kalpa\u011f\u0131n bir anda b\u00fct\u00fcn k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferini kaybetmesi veya g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde tarih\u00ee canland\u0131rmalarda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yasak olmas\u0131 gibi okumak do\u011fru de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n![\"Tarih\u00ee](\"https:\/\/www.derisitesi.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/ataturk-kalpak-modelleri-toren-03.webp\")
Geleneksel bi\u00e7imlerden esinlenen g\u00fcncel bir kalpak \u00f6rne\u011fi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n19 May\u0131s Ruhu: Gen\u00e7lik, Spor ve Kalpak Sembolizmi<\/h2>\n
19 May\u0131s 1919<\/strong>, Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Samsun\u2019a ula\u015fmas\u0131yla ba\u015flayan ve Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele tarihinin \u00f6nemli d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktalar\u0131ndan say\u0131lan s\u00fcrecin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn 19 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131 anarken kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z g\u00f6rsellerde asker\u00ee palto, kalpak, d\u00f6nemin yolculuk k\u0131yafetleri ve Band\u0131rma Vapuru gibi unsurlar bir araya gelir. Bu imgeler, yaln\u0131zca belirli bir \u00e2n\u0131 de\u011fil, Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele\u2019ye dair ortak tarih anlat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da temsil eder.<\/p>\nAncak bir canland\u0131rma ile olay an\u0131nda \u00e7ekilmi\u015f bir foto\u011fraf\u0131 ay\u0131rmak<\/strong> gerekir. Eski yaz\u0131m\u0131zda Samsun\u2019a \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda kalpa\u011f\u0131n nas\u0131l g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kesin bir g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlat\u0131m\u0131ym\u0131\u015f gibi sunan ifadeler bulunuyordu. Bug\u00fcn yap\u0131lan temsili g\u00f6steriler, resimler ve k\u0131yafet d\u00fczenlemeleri tarih\u00ee atmosferi yans\u0131tabilir; fakat bunlar tek ba\u015f\u0131na Mustafa Kemal\u2019in 19 May\u0131s sabah\u0131 hangi ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 takt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlamaz. Kalpakl\u0131 foto\u011fraflar ise \u00f6zellikle Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 anlar\u0131na ait tarih\u00ee belgeler olarak de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/p>\n19 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n bayram olarak kabul edilmesi<\/h3>\n
19 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n kutlanmas\u0131 da zaman i\u00e7inde kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131. Samsun\u2019da 1920\u2019lerden itibaren Gazi G\u00fcn\u00fc<\/strong> ad\u0131yla yap\u0131lan t\u00f6renler, ilerleyen y\u0131llarda gen\u00e7lik ve spor etkinlikleriyle birle\u015fti. Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn bu g\u00fcne verdi\u011fi \u00f6nem biliniyor; ancak resm\u00ee bayram\u0131n do\u011frudan 1919\u2019da ilan edildi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek do\u011fru de\u011fildir. 19 May\u0131s, 1938\u2019de Gen\u00e7lik ve Spor Bayram\u0131 olarak kanuna girdi;<\/strong> g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kullan\u0131lan Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fc Anma, Gen\u00e7lik ve Spor Bayram\u0131<\/strong> ad\u0131 ise 1981 tarihli d\u00fczenlemeyle kabul edildi. Atat\u00fcrk Ansiklopedisi’ndeki 19 May\u0131s incelemesi<\/a> bu s\u00fcreci tarihleriyle a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor.<\/p>\nBug\u00fcnk\u00fc anmalarda Samsun\u2019a \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n temsili canland\u0131rmalar\u0131, sergiler, konu\u015fmalar, m\u00fczik ve spor etkinlikleri yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6\u011frencilerin veya oyuncular\u0131n Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele k\u0131yafetleriyle yer almas\u0131, ge\u00e7mi\u015fle g\u00f6rsel bir ba\u011f kurma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r. Kalpak burada belirli bir tarih\u00ee d\u00f6nemi hat\u0131rlatan \u00f6\u011felerden biridir; her \u015fehirde veya her kutlamada ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu nedenle 19 May\u0131s ile kalpak aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f<\/strong> iki y\u00f6nl\u00fcd\u00fcr: Bir yanda tarih\u00ee d\u00f6nemden kalma foto\u011fraflar, di\u011fer yanda bu foto\u011fraflardan esinlenen toplumsal haf\u0131za, g\u00f6rsel sanatlar ve anma gelenekleri. Gen\u00e7 ku\u015faklar, kalpa\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6rsel anlam\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenirken Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele\u2019nin temel tarih\u00ee olaylar\u0131n\u0131 ve belgelerini ayr\u0131ca incelemelidir.<\/p>\nKalpakl\u0131 bir Atat\u00fcrk siluetinin afi\u015f, heykel, okul panosu veya sergide kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 tarih \u00f6\u011fretiminin g\u00f6rsel ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biridir. Fakat daha derin bir tarih okumas\u0131 yapabilmek i\u00e7in Samsun\u2019dan Havza\u2019ya, Amasya\u2019dan Erzurum ve Sivas kongrelerine, sonras\u0131nda Ankara\u2019da TBMM\u2019nin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131na uzanan s\u00fcreci anlamak gerekir. Kalpak bu hik\u00e2yenin ba\u015f\u0131nda yer alan tek nesne de\u011fildir; o d\u00f6nemin foto\u011fraf, yaz\u0131\u015fma, karar ve an\u0131lar\u0131yla birlikte de\u011ferlendirilmesi gereken bir sembold\u00fcr.<\/p>\n![\"Atat\u00fcrk](\"https:\/\/www.derisitesi.com\/image\/cache\/catalog\/blog\/ataturk-kalpak\/ataturk-sapkasi-1060x400.webp\")
Kalpak kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 konu alan DeriSitesi ar\u015fiv g\u00f6rseli.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\nKalpak ile B\u00f6rk Ayn\u0131 \u015eey mi?<\/h2>\n
G\u00fcnl\u00fck dilde iki kelime zaman zaman birbirinin yerine kullan\u0131lsa da ayn\u0131 \u015fey de\u011fildir. K\u00fclt\u00fcr Portal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n I\u011fd\u0131r \u00f6rne\u011finde b\u00f6rk daha konik veya \u00fc\u00e7gen bi\u00e7imli Orta Asya ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak, kalpak ise silindirik yap\u0131daki ba\u015fl\u0131k olarak ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Bununla birlikte tarih\u00ee kullan\u0131m co\u011frafyaya ve d\u00f6neme g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015febilir.<\/p>\n
Kalpak se\u00e7erken tarih\u00ee adland\u0131rmadan \u00e7ok \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ger\u00e7ek formuna, malzemesine, i\u00e7 astar\u0131na ve ba\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcne bakmak daha pratiktir.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Atat\u00fcrk Kalpa\u011f\u0131 ve Tarih\u00ee Kalpak Modelleri<\/h2>\n
Bug\u00fcn kalpaklar; tarih\u00ee canland\u0131rma, mill\u00ee g\u00fcnler, koleksiyon, sahne-kost\u00fcm \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve g\u00fcnl\u00fck k\u0131\u015fl\u0131k kullan\u0131m gibi farkl\u0131 ama\u00e7larla tercih edilebiliyor. DeriSitesi\u2019nde yer alan modeller tarih\u00ee g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmlerden esinlenen g\u00fcncel el yap\u0131m\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerdir; \u00fcr\u00fcn baz\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan deri, k\u00fcrk, astar ve tasar\u0131m ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015febilir.<\/p>\n
![\"Astragan](\"https:\/\/www.derisitesi.com\/image\/catalog\/blog\/Ataturk-kalpak\/astragan-desenli-Ataturk-kalpak.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
T\u00f6renler, tarih\u00ee canland\u0131rmalar ve ekran yap\u0131mlar\u0131<\/h3>\n
G\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015famda geleneksel kalpak kullan\u0131m\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fe k\u0131yasla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olsa da tarih\u00ee ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkinliklerde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korur. Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele d\u00f6nemini konu alan tiyatro, film, belgesel ve okul g\u00f6sterilerinde kalpakl\u0131 asker\u00ee ve sivil fig\u00fcrler g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Bu kullan\u0131mlar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 tarih\u00ee k\u0131yafetlerin temsil\u00ee olarak yeniden haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131na<\/strong> dayan\u0131r; kullan\u0131lan her yeni kalpak ayn\u0131 tarih\u00ee \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclere veya malzemelere sahip de\u011fildir.<\/p>\nMill\u00ee bayram etkinlikleri, anma t\u00f6renleri, yerel sergiler ve \u00f6zel koleksiyonlarda kalpak hem d\u00f6neme g\u00f6nderme yapmak hem de geleneksel i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi tan\u0131tmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz izleyicisi kalpakl\u0131 bir foto\u011fraf g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde onu Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele ile ili\u015fkilendirebilir. Bununla birlikte ayn\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n farkl\u0131 d\u00f6nem ve topluluklarda daha eski anlamlar\u0131n\u0131n da bulundu\u011funu unutmamak gerekir.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ya\u015fayan miras<\/h3>\n
Anadolu d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde geleneksel ba\u015fl\u0131klar bir\u00e7ok yerde t\u00f6ren k\u0131yafetinin par\u00e7as\u0131 olmaya devam eder. \u00d6rne\u011fin K\u0131rg\u0131zistan\u2019da beyaz ke\u00e7e ak kalpak<\/strong>, zanaatk\u00e2rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kimli\u011fiyle \u00f6zel bir yer tutar. Kazak ve T\u00fcrkmen topluluklar\u0131nda ise bi\u00e7imleri ve yerel adlar\u0131 farkl\u0131 olan ba\u015fl\u0131klar g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu \u00e7e\u015fitlilik kalpak kelimesinin yaln\u0131zca Mustafa Kemal d\u00f6nemine ait tek bir ba\u015fl\u0131k tipini tan\u0131mlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\nEski Journal yaz\u0131m\u0131zda, ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n toplumsal haf\u0131zada kimi zaman sayg\u0131nl\u0131k, aidiyet veya ge\u00e7mi\u015fle ba\u011f kurman\u0131n simgesi h\u00e2line geldi\u011fi anlat\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bu anlamlar\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn insanlara ve b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00f6nemlere ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde y\u00fcklemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011filse de geleneksel ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yaln\u0131z bir k\u0131\u015fl\u0131k e\u015fya olmaktan \u00f6teye ge\u00e7mesi<\/strong> olgusu k\u00fclt\u00fcrel a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\nEl i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi, koleksiyon ve g\u00fcncel modeller<\/h3>\n
Kalpaklar bug\u00fcn yaln\u0131zca sahne kost\u00fcm\u00fc olarak de\u011fil; ki\u015fisel koleksiyon, hediye veya k\u0131\u015fl\u0131k giyim amac\u0131yla da \u00fcretilebiliyor. Astragan desenli y\u00fczey, sade deri g\u00f6vde, ay-y\u0131ld\u0131z i\u015flemeleri, farkl\u0131 astar t\u00fcrleri ve y\u00fckseklik se\u00e7enekleri ayn\u0131 kategoride yer alabilir. \u201cAstragan desenli\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm, tek ba\u015f\u0131na \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ger\u00e7ekten karakul veya ba\u015fka bir k\u00fcrkten yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlamaz.<\/strong> Kullan\u0131lan hakiki veya yapay malzemeyi \u00fcr\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131ndan ayr\u0131ca do\u011frulamak gerekir.<\/p>\nBir model tarih\u00ee bir foto\u011frafa benzetilmi\u015f olabilir; bu, m\u00fczedeki \u00f6zg\u00fcn ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n birebir kopyas\u0131 oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmez. Tarih\u00ee koleksiyonlar i\u00e7in belgelendirme ve nesnenin k\u00f6keni, g\u00fcnl\u00fck kullan\u0131m i\u00e7in ba\u015f \u00e7evresi ve astar konforu, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkinlikler i\u00e7inse do\u011fru g\u00f6rsel ba\u011flam daha \u00f6nemlidir. B\u00f6ylece kalpak, yaln\u0131z ge\u00e7mi\u015fi hat\u0131rlatan bir simge olarak de\u011fil, bi\u00e7imi ve i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi bug\u00fcn de \u00fczerinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen bir gelenek olarak ya\u015famay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilir.<\/p>\n![\"DeriSitesi'nin](\"https:\/\/www.derisitesi.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/ataturk-kalpak-modelleri-klasik-01.webp\")
Klasik bi\u00e7imlerden esinlenen g\u00fcncel bir kalpak modeli.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\nKalpak Se\u00e7erken Nelere Dikkat Edilmeli?<\/h2>\n\n- Ba\u015f \u00e7evresi:<\/strong> Mezuray\u0131 ka\u015flar\u0131n biraz \u00fczerinden ve kulaklar\u0131n \u00fcst hizas\u0131ndan ge\u00e7irerek ba\u015f \u00e7evrenizi santimetre olarak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcn.<\/li>\n
- Malzeme:<\/strong> \u00dcr\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131nda hakiki deri, kuzu\/koyun derisi, ger\u00e7ek k\u00fcrk veya di\u011fer malzemelerin hangilerinin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin.<\/li>\n
- Kullan\u0131m amac\u0131:<\/strong> Tarih\u00ee canland\u0131rma i\u00e7in daha klasik; g\u00fcnl\u00fck kullan\u0131m i\u00e7in daha sade ve kolay kombinlenen modeller tercih edilebilir.<\/li>\n
- Astar ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k:<\/strong> K\u0131\u015fl\u0131k kullan\u0131mda i\u00e7 astar ve k\u00fcrk yap\u0131s\u0131 konforu do\u011frudan etkiler.<\/li>\n
- Model ad\u0131:<\/strong> \u201cAtat\u00fcrk\u201d, \u201cKuvay\u0131 Milliye\u201d, \u201cGazi\u201d gibi ticari model adlar\u0131n\u0131 tarih\u00ee olarak birebir kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00f6zg\u00fcn eserlerle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\nDeriSitesi Koleksiyonu<\/span>
\nG\u00fcncel Deri Kalpak Modellerine G\u00f6z At\u0131n<\/strong><\/p>\nMill\u00ee M\u00fccadele d\u00f6nemindeki kalpaklardan esinlenen g\u00fcncel modelleri ba\u015f \u00e7evresi, d\u0131\u015f malzeme, i\u00e7 astar ve bi\u00e7im bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n; \u00fcr\u00fcnleri birebir tarih\u00ee eser olarak de\u011ferlendirmeyin.<\/p>\n
Tarih\u00ee Esintili Deri Kalpak Modellerini G\u00f6r \u2192<\/a>\n<\/div>\nS\u0131k\u00e7a Sorulan Sorular<\/h2>\n1. Kalpak nedir ve T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde neden \u00f6nemlidir?<\/h3>\n
Kalpak, deri, k\u00fcrk veya ke\u00e7eden yap\u0131labilen geleneksel ba\u015fl\u0131k bi\u00e7imlerinden biridir. Anadolu, Kafkasya ve Orta Asya\u2019da farkl\u0131 formlarda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kullan\u0131m amac\u0131 yaln\u0131zca so\u011fuktan korunma de\u011fildir; kimi toplumlarda t\u00f6ren k\u0131yafetleri, yerel gelenekler ve aidiyetle de ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015ftir. Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele d\u00f6nemindeki foto\u011fraflar sayesinde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ayr\u0131ca g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir tarih\u00ee \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131m ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n
2. Atat\u00fcrk neden kalpak takm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/h3>\n
Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele d\u00f6neminde kalpak kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarih\u00ee foto\u011fraflarla biliniyor. D\u00f6nemin asker\u00ee giyim gelenekleri, iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve kalpa\u011f\u0131n toplumdaki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bu tercihi anlamaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Ancak yaln\u0131z foto\u011fraflardan hareketle onun kalpa\u011f\u0131 hangi tek ve kesin siyasi gerek\u00e7eyle se\u00e7ti\u011fini s\u00f6yleyemeyiz. Sonraki y\u0131llarda kalpakl\u0131 foto\u011fraflar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesinin en tan\u0131nan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri aras\u0131nda yer ald\u0131.<\/p>\n
3. Kalpak ile b\u00f6rk ayn\u0131 \u015fey mi?<\/h3>\n
Her zaman de\u011fil. \u0130ki kelime tarih boyunca farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde \u00e7e\u015fitli geleneksel ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin kimi y\u00f6resel a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda b\u00f6rk konik veya farkl\u0131 tepeli bir ba\u015fl\u0131k, kalpaksa daha silindirik bir form olarak ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Fakat bu ayr\u0131m b\u00fct\u00fcn tarih\u00ee d\u00f6nemler i\u00e7in de\u011fi\u015fmez de\u011fildir. Daha kapsaml\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in Kalpak Nedir?<\/a> rehberine bakabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n4. \u015eapka \u0130nk\u0131l\u00e2b\u0131 kalpak giymeyi yasaklad\u0131 m\u0131?<\/h3>\n
671 say\u0131l\u0131 ve 25 Kas\u0131m 1925 tarihli \u015eapka \u0130ktisas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Kanun’da kalpak, ad\u0131yla tek tek say\u0131larak genel ve ko\u015fulsuz bi\u00e7imde yasaklanan bir nesne de\u011fildir. Kanun \u00f6ncelikle milletvekilleri ile devlet g\u00f6revlilerinin \u015fapka giymesini zorunlu k\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u015fapkay\u0131 halk\u0131n genel ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak kabul etti. D\u00f6nemin idari uygulamalar\u0131 ve daha sonra getirilen h\u00fck\u00fcmler ayr\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Bu y\u00fczden eski metnimizdeki \u201cher yerde kalpak giymek yasakland\u0131\u201d yarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 geri getirmedik.<\/p>\n
5. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kimler kalpak kullan\u0131yor?<\/h3>\n
Kalpak, g\u00fcnl\u00fck k\u0131\u015fl\u0131k giyim se\u00e7enekleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tarih\u00ee canland\u0131rmalar, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkinlikler, sahne \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, koleksiyonlar ve baz\u0131 \u00f6zel t\u00f6renlerde kullan\u0131labiliyor. Bir \u00fcr\u00fcn se\u00e7ilecekse ba\u015f \u00e7evresi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc, malzeme, astar, diki\u015f ve modelin ger\u00e7ek foto\u011fraflar\u0131na dikkat edilmelidir. \u201cGazi kalpa\u011f\u0131\u201d veya \u201cKuvay\u0131 Milliye kalpa\u011f\u0131\u201d gibi ticari adlar, \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn belirli bir tarih\u00ee nesneyle ayn\u0131 oldu\u011funu tek ba\u015f\u0131na kan\u0131tlamaz.<\/p>\n
Atat\u00fcrk Kalpa\u011f\u0131 Sat\u0131n Al\u0131rken<\/h2>\n
Atat\u00fcrk d\u00f6neminin kalpaklar\u0131ndan esinlenen bir model ar\u0131yorsan\u0131z \u00f6ncelikle ba\u015f \u00e7evrenizi do\u011fru \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcn ve \u00fcr\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131ndaki malzeme bilgisini inceleyin. DeriSitesi\u2019nin deri kalpak modelleri<\/a> aras\u0131nda farkl\u0131 renk, malzeme ve formlarda el yap\u0131m\u0131 se\u00e7enekler bulunur.<\/p>\nModel se\u00e7imi i\u00e7in ayr\u0131ca Atat\u00fcrk kalpa\u011f\u0131 beden ve kullan\u0131m rehberini<\/a> ve Atat\u00fcrk kalpak modelleri rehberini<\/a> inceleyebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Kalpak Nedir?<\/h2>\n
K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Turizm Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Portal\u0131, I\u011fd\u0131r y\u00f6resindeki kalpak\/papax \u00f6rne\u011fini o\u011flak veya kuzu derisinden yap\u0131lan, silindirik yap\u0131l\u0131 bir ba\u015fl\u0131k olarak tan\u0131mlar; ayn\u0131 kaynak bunu Orta Asya\u2019daki b\u00f6rk\u00fcn co\u011frafyaya uyarlanm\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imi olarak a\u00e7\u0131klar. B\u00f6rk ile kalpak terimleri tarih boyunca farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalarda farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in her d\u00f6neme ve toplulu\u011fa tek bir kal\u0131p uygulamak do\u011fru de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
Bu nedenle kalpa\u011f\u0131 yaln\u0131zca tek bir d\u00f6neme ait bir \u201cAtat\u00fcrk \u015fapkas\u0131\u201d olarak de\u011fil, daha geni\u015f bir T\u00fcrk ve Kafkas ba\u015fl\u0131k gelene\u011finin par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirmek daha do\u011frudur.<\/p>\n
Orta Asya\u2019dan gelen ba\u015fl\u0131k gelene\u011fi<\/h3>\n
Kalpak ve benzeri ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n k\u00f6klerini anlamak i\u00e7in T\u00fcrk topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n Orta Asya\u2019daki ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imine bakmak gerekir. Bozk\u0131rda yolculuk, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k ve sert mevsim ko\u015fullar\u0131, ke\u00e7e, deri ve k\u00fcrk\u00fcn giysilerde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etti. Ke\u00e7eden haz\u0131rlanan y\u00fcksek ve a\u00e7\u0131k renkli ba\u015fl\u0131klarla k\u00fcrkl\u00fc, koyu renkli ve daha al\u00e7ak modeller ayn\u0131 co\u011frafyada bile farkl\u0131 ihtiya\u00e7lara cevap verebiliyordu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla tarih boyunca tek bi\u00e7imli bir \u201cT\u00fcrk kalpa\u011f\u0131\u201d kullan\u0131lmad\u0131; malzeme, tepe bi\u00e7imi, i\u015flemeler ve ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011fi yerel geleneklere g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
Eski Journal yaz\u0131m\u0131zda da \u00f6rnek verdi\u011fimiz K\u0131rg\u0131z ak kalpa\u011f\u0131<\/strong> \u00e7o\u011funlukla beyaz ke\u00e7e ve karakteristik kesimiyle tan\u0131n\u0131r. Karakalpak<\/strong> ad\u0131 ise bu geleneksel ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n topluluklar\u0131n adland\u0131rmalar\u0131nda dahi ne kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131m ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret eder. Anadolu\u2019daki silindirik veya daha al\u00e7ak bi\u00e7imler, Kafkasya\u2019daki k\u00fcrkl\u00fc ba\u015fl\u0131klar ve Orta Asya\u2019daki ke\u00e7eli modellerin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc yaln\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f benzerli\u011fine bakarak ayn\u0131 tarihsel modele indirgememek gerekir.<\/p>\n Geleneksel ba\u015fl\u0131klar yaln\u0131zca hava ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan korunmak i\u00e7in de\u011fil, toplumsal ya\u015famda ait olunan \u00e7evreyi, ya\u015fa ba\u011fl\u0131 gelenekleri, t\u00f6ren k\u0131yafetlerini ve kimi yerlerde stat\u00fcy\u00fc g\u00f6stermek amac\u0131yla da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bi\u00e7imi kadar i\u015flemeli y\u00fczeyleri ve kullan\u0131lan renkler de \u00f6nemli olabilir. \u00d6zellikle g\u00f6\u00e7ebe ya\u015fam\u0131n ve yerel zanaat\u0131n devam etti\u011fi b\u00f6lgelerde kalpak, ustal\u0131k bilgisinin bir ku\u015faktan di\u011ferine aktar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n arac\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Bu anlam zaman i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fti. Baz\u0131 Kafkas ve Orta Asya topluluklar\u0131nda geleneksel ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 aidiyet ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel s\u00fcreklilikle ili\u015fkilendirildi; Anadolu\u2019da ise farkl\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131k bi\u00e7imleri asker\u00ee, sivil ve g\u00fcndelik kullan\u0131m\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu. Kalpa\u011f\u0131n Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele foto\u011fraflar\u0131nda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, b\u00f6yle bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fin \u00fczerine eklenen yeni bir g\u00f6rsel ve tarih\u00ee \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131m<\/strong>d\u0131r. K\u0131rg\u0131z, Kazak ve T\u00fcrkmen \u00f6rneklerinin ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in Orta Asya b\u00f6rk ve kalpak k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc<\/a> yaz\u0131m\u0131za da bakabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n Orijinal Journal yaz\u0131m\u0131zdaki \u00f6nemli ba\u015fl\u0131klardan biri, Orta Asya\u2019dan Anadolu\u2019ya uzanan bu gelene\u011fin ayn\u0131 anda hem s\u00fcreklilik hem de de\u011fi\u015fim g\u00f6stermesi<\/strong>ydi. Ke\u00e7ecilikte kullan\u0131lan kal\u0131plar, derinin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131, k\u00fcrk\u00fcn yerle\u015ftirilmesi ve i\u015flemeler, ustalar\u0131n malzeme bilgisine dayan\u0131r. Bununla birlikte bug\u00fcn internet \u00fczerinde sat\u0131lan \u201cK\u0131rg\u0131z kalpa\u011f\u0131\u201d, \u201cKafkas kalpa\u011f\u0131\u201d ve \u201cAtat\u00fcrk kalpa\u011f\u0131\u201d ayn\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn ailesi alt\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcnse bile tarih\u00ee ve bi\u00e7imsel a\u00e7\u0131dan birebir e\u015fde\u011fer de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n Bir kalpa\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131mak i\u00e7in \u00f6nce hangi y\u00f6rede ve ne ama\u00e7la kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na, daha sonra malzeme ve bi\u00e7imine bakmak gerekir. Ke\u00e7e mi k\u00fcrk m\u00fc kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, y\u00fcksekli\u011fin ve tepenin nas\u0131l \u015fekillendi\u011fi, ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n hangi mevsimlerde tercih edildi\u011fi, i\u015flemelerin yerel anlam\u0131 ve varsa foto\u011fraf\u0131n hangi tarihte \u00e7ekildi\u011fi bu de\u011ferlendirmeye katk\u0131 sa\u011flar. B\u00f6ylece kalpa\u011f\u0131n uzun tarihini, tek bir ki\u015finin veya tek bir moda ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde okuyabiliriz.<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 toplumunda ba\u015fl\u0131k \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca sar\u0131k, kavuk, k\u00fclah, fes ve k\u00fcrkl\u00fc ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 kaps\u0131yordu. B\u00f6lge, meslek, ya\u015f ve t\u00f6ren gelene\u011fi giyim tercihlerine yans\u0131yordu. II. Mahmud d\u00f6nemindeki yenilikler<\/strong> bu \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin resm\u00ee k\u0131yafet alan\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. 1826\u2019da Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan yeni ordunun giyimi yeniden d\u00fczenlendi; 1829\u2019dan itibaren fes, devlet g\u00f6revlilerinin k\u0131yafetinde daha belirgin bir yer kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklik, modernle\u015fme ve kurumlar\u0131n ortak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm kazanmas\u0131 \u00e7abas\u0131yla ili\u015fkiliydi. \u0130lk benimsenme y\u0131llar\u0131nda yenilik olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen fes, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na gelindi\u011finde toplumsal al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n ve Osmanl\u0131 kimli\u011finin tan\u0131nan bir par\u00e7as\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bununla birlikte bir ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n devlet g\u00f6revlileri aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131, di\u011fer yerel ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmedi. Ta\u015frada, sert iklim b\u00f6lgelerinde ve farkl\u0131 geleneksel k\u0131yafetlerde kalpak ve benzeri k\u00fcrkl\u00fc ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na rastlanabiliyordu.<\/p>\n I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda<\/strong> asker\u00ee k\u0131yafet ve cephe ko\u015fullar\u0131, farkl\u0131 kuma\u015f ve k\u0131\u015fl\u0131k ba\u015fl\u0131k bi\u00e7imlerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 da etkiledi. Enver Pa\u015fa ile ili\u015fkilendirilen \u201cEnveriye\u201d tipi asker\u00ee ba\u015fl\u0131k, d\u00f6nemin fes d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki se\u00e7enekleri aras\u0131nda an\u0131l\u0131r. Ancak bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ma\u011fazalarda \u201cEnver Pa\u015fa kalpa\u011f\u0131\u201d olarak sunulan her modelin o d\u00f6nemde \u00fcretilmi\u015f belirli bir \u00f6rnekle birebir ayn\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek do\u011fru olmaz. Ba\u015fl\u0131k adlar\u0131 zamanla hem tarih\u00ee g\u00f6ndermeler hem de ticari tasar\u0131m isimleri olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bu arka plan, Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele s\u0131ras\u0131nda kalpakl\u0131 asker\u00ee ve sivil foto\u011fraflar\u0131n neden dikkat \u00e7ekici oldu\u011funu anlamaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Fes, kalpak ve di\u011fer ba\u015fl\u0131klar d\u00f6nem boyunca tek bir g\u00fcnde birbirinin yerini almad\u0131; kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131 ve simgesel anlamlar\u0131 toplumsal ve siyasal ko\u015fullarla de\u011fi\u015fti. Atat\u00fcrk Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi Dergisi’nin k\u0131yafet tarihi incelemesi<\/a> bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn daha geni\u015f ba\u011flam\u0131n\u0131 ele al\u0131r.<\/p>\n Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele y\u0131llar\u0131na ait \u00e7ok say\u0131da foto\u011fraf\u0131nda kalpak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu g\u00f6rsel kay\u0131tlar, kalpa\u011f\u0131n d\u00f6nemin asker\u00ee ve siyasal \u00e7evrelerinde yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan ba\u015fl\u0131klardan biri oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterir. Kalpa\u011f\u0131n Atat\u00fcrk taraf\u0131ndan belirli bir siyasi mesaj vermek amac\u0131yla se\u00e7ildi\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00e7e\u015fitli yorumlar bulunsa da, bu t\u00fcr yorumlar\u0131 do\u011frudan belgelenmi\u015f niyet gibi sunmamak gerekir.<\/p>\n Atat\u00fcrk Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi\u2019nin Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele kaynaklar\u0131nda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan temel \u00e7er\u00e7eve; hareketin mill\u00ee ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, mill\u00ee irade ve milletin do\u011frudan kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Kalpakl\u0131 Atat\u00fcrk foto\u011fraflar\u0131n\u0131n bug\u00fcn bu d\u00f6nemle g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bi\u00e7imde \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fmesinin nedeni de b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bu tarihsel ba\u011flamd\u0131r.<\/p>\n Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Erzurum, Sivas ve Ankara y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki<\/strong> ya\u015fam\u0131 farkl\u0131 k\u0131yafetlerle belgelenmi\u015ftir. Onun kalpakl\u0131 portreleri, bug\u00fcn ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesiyle \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fen g\u00f6rseller aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir. Eski yaz\u0131m\u0131zda ge\u00e7en \u201cKemal\u00ee kalpak\u201d gibi adland\u0131rmalar\u0131n kimi anlat\u0131larda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, mutlaka de\u011fi\u015fmez \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerde ve tek bi\u00e7imde bir model bulundu\u011funu g\u00f6stermez; bu nedenle bir foto\u011frafa bakarak ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imini veya ni\u00e7in tercih edildi\u011fini kesinle\u015ftirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n \u00d6zellikle 19 May\u0131s 1919 Samsun\u2019a \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f<\/strong> sahnesini g\u00f6steren temsili resimler ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yap\u0131lan canland\u0131rmalar, oradaki her k\u0131yafet ayr\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan olay an\u0131ndan kalma bir foto\u011frafla do\u011fruland\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez. Mustafa Kemal\u2019in yolculu\u011fu ve Samsun\u2019a geli\u015fi tarih\u00ee olarak belgelenmi\u015ftir; bir canland\u0131rmada g\u00f6r\u00fclen kalpa\u011f\u0131n o an i\u00e7in kesin tan\u0131kl\u0131k say\u0131lmas\u0131 ise ayr\u0131 bir iddiad\u0131r. Bu ayr\u0131m, kalpakl\u0131 Atat\u00fcrk imgesini tarih\u00ee olgularla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmadan de\u011ferlendirmemizi sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n Kalpakl\u0131 portrelerin kamuoyundaki etkisi yaln\u0131zca ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcnden do\u011fmaz. Mill\u00ee egemenlik, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve yeni bir siyasal d\u00fczen aray\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ili\u015fkili d\u00f6nemin foto\u011fraflar\u0131, sonraki ku\u015faklar taraf\u0131ndan da ortak haf\u0131zan\u0131n par\u00e7alar\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Edebiyatta Samim Kocag\u00f6z\u2019\u00fcn Kalpakl\u0131lar<\/em> roman\u0131<\/strong> gibi eserlerde kalpak, geni\u015f bir toplulu\u011fu ve d\u00f6nemi \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir anlat\u0131m unsuruna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Buradaki edeb\u00ee sembolizm ile bir ki\u015finin ba\u015fl\u0131k se\u00e7iminin belgelenmi\u015f niyetini birbirinden ay\u0131rmak gerekir.<\/p>\n 1919\u20131922 d\u00f6nemine ait foto\u011fraflarda kalpak yaln\u0131zca Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa\u2019da de\u011fil, farkl\u0131 komutanlarda, milletvekillerinde ve d\u00f6nemin ba\u015fka isimlerinde de g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu nedenle kalpa\u011f\u0131n Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fmesi yaln\u0131zca tek bir ki\u015fiye ait bir giyim tercihi olarak a\u00e7\u0131klanamaz; d\u00f6nemin g\u00f6rsel k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u201cKuvay\u0131 Milliye kalpa\u011f\u0131\u201d, \u201cAtat\u00fcrk kalpa\u011f\u0131\u201d veya \u201cGazi kalpa\u011f\u0131\u201d gibi adlarla sat\u0131lan \u00fcr\u00fcnler tarih\u00ee modellerden esinlenen \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f tasar\u0131mlard\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n her birini belirli bir tarih\u00ee ki\u015fiye ait birebir kopya olarak tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in ayr\u0131ca belge gerekir. \u00dcr\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131nda \u201cesinlenilmi\u015f model\u201d ifadesi bu nedenle daha sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1919\u2019da ba\u015flayan Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele s\u00fcrecinde \u00e7e\u015fitli kongreler, asker\u00ee haz\u0131rl\u0131klar ve yeni meclisin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131yla siyasal merkez Anadolu\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. Foto\u011fraflar, k\u0131yafetlerin bu de\u011fi\u015fken ortamda farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 sadece \u201cfes giyenler\u201d ve \u201ckalpak giyenler\u201d \u015feklinde iki keskin gruba ay\u0131rmak yerine, d\u00f6nemin asker\u00ee geleneklerini, hava ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 ve toplumsal al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 birlikte de\u011ferlendirmek daha do\u011fru olur.<\/p>\n Kalpak, askerlerin veya komutanlar\u0131n k\u0131\u015fl\u0131k gereksinimlerine uygun bir ba\u015fl\u0131k olman\u0131n yan\u0131nda, d\u00f6nemin toplu foto\u011fraflar\u0131nda da dikkat \u00e7ekici bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcme kavu\u015ftu. Zamanla foto\u011fraflardaki bu ortak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm, resm\u00ee anma programlar\u0131nda, ders kitaplar\u0131nda, heykellerde ve tarih\u00ee canland\u0131rmalarda Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele’yi temsil eden simgelerden biri olarak benimsendi. Ancak her meclis \u00fcyesinin ayn\u0131 kalpa\u011f\u0131 takt\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> ya da halk\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn bu ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir siyasi aidiyet g\u00f6stergesi olarak kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi genellemeler i\u00e7in kan\u0131t gerekir.<\/p>\n Bu y\u00fczden Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn kalpakl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn tarih\u00ee de\u011ferini de\u011ferlendirirken iki d\u00fczeyi birlikte g\u00f6rmek gerekir: D\u00f6nemde fiilen kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir ba\u015fl\u0131k<\/strong> olmas\u0131 ve sonraki y\u0131llarda o d\u00f6nemin haf\u0131zadaki sembollerinden birine<\/strong> d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi. Kalpak; foto\u011frafta g\u00f6r\u00fclen nesne, romandaki simge ve bug\u00fcn yeniden \u00fcretilen tarih\u00ee g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcml\u00fc \u00fcr\u00fcn olarak \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 ba\u011flamda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n 25 Kas\u0131m 1925\u2019te kabul edilen 671 say\u0131l\u0131 \u015eapka \u0130ktisas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Kanun, TBMM \u00fcyeleri ile devlet memur ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fapka giymesini zorunlu k\u0131ld\u0131; ayr\u0131ca T\u00fcrkiye halk\u0131n\u0131n genel ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u015fapka oldu\u011funu belirtti. Kanunun metninde \u201ckalpak\u201d kelimesi tek tek say\u0131larak yasaklanmaz. Bu nedenle \u201c\u015eapka Kanunu kalpa\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yasaklad\u0131\u201d demek kanun metnini a\u015fan bir ifadedir.<\/p>\n Atat\u00fcrk Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi, 1925\u2019teki \u015fapka ve k\u0131yafet d\u00fczenlemelerini Cumhuriyet\u2019in \u00e7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015fma program\u0131 i\u00e7inde ele al\u0131r. 671 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun ayr\u0131ca Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 174. maddesinde korunan ink\u0131lap kanunlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda say\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilan\u0131ndan sonra g\u00fcndeme gelen k\u0131yafet d\u00fczenlemeleri, y\u00f6netim kurumlar\u0131 ile toplumun g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeyi ama\u00e7layan daha geni\u015f de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131. 1925 A\u011fustosundaki Kastamonu ve \u0130nebolu gezileri<\/strong> s\u0131ras\u0131nda Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, kenarl\u0131 \u015fapkay\u0131 kamuoyuna tan\u0131tt\u0131. Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin k\u0131yafetine ili\u015fkin kararlar al\u0131nd\u0131; 25 Kas\u0131m 1925\u2019te de 671 say\u0131l\u0131 \u015eapka \u0130ktisas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Kanun kabul edildi.<\/p>\n Kanunda milletvekilleri ile devlet memurlar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fapka kullanmas\u0131na dair a\u00e7\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcmler bulunur. Kanunun halk i\u00e7in genel ba\u015fl\u0131k olarak \u015fapkay\u0131 benimsemesi ile b\u00fct\u00fcn vatanda\u015flar\u0131n kalpak giydi\u011fi i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde cezaland\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na dair bir h\u00fck\u00fcm bulundu\u011funu<\/strong> ileri s\u00fcrmek ayn\u0131 \u015fey de\u011fildir. Bu ayr\u0131m, eski Journal metnindeki \u201ckalpak resm\u00ee olarak b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle yasakland\u0131\u201d ifadelerinin neden d\u00fczeltilmesi gerekti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor. D\u00fczenleme ve uygulamalar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirirken d\u00f6nemin mevzuat\u0131yla de\u011fi\u015fen idari pratikleri birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmamak gerekir. Atat\u00fcrk Ansiklopedisi’nin \u015eapka \u0130nk\u0131l\u00e2b\u0131 incelemesi<\/a> kanun metnini ve tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ele al\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u015eapkaya ge\u00e7i\u015fin her yerde ayn\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da tarih\u00ee kaynaklarda anlat\u0131l\u0131r. D\u00f6nemin baz\u0131 \u00e7evreleri de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi modernle\u015fme y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir ad\u0131m sayarken, baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc tepkiler ve protestolar g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc; bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te yarg\u0131lamalar ve cezaland\u0131rmalar da ya\u015fand\u0131. Fesin \u00f6nceki y\u00fczy\u0131lda yenilik\u00e7i bir tercihken zamanla gelenekselle\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131, ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n anlam\u0131n\u0131n toplumsal ko\u015fullara g\u00f6re nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015febildi\u011fine dikkat \u00e7eker.<\/p>\n Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele\u2019yi hat\u0131rlatan kalpakl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc ile Cumhuriyet\u2019in sonraki modernle\u015fme d\u00f6nemi foto\u011fraflar\u0131nda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan kenarl\u0131 \u015fapkalar, Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn farkl\u0131 tarih\u00ee evrelerdeki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc belgeleyen unsurlard\u0131r. Bu de\u011fi\u015fimi kalpa\u011f\u0131n bir anda b\u00fct\u00fcn k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferini kaybetmesi veya g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde tarih\u00ee canland\u0131rmalarda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yasak olmas\u0131 gibi okumak do\u011fru de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n 19 May\u0131s 1919<\/strong>, Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Samsun\u2019a ula\u015fmas\u0131yla ba\u015flayan ve Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele tarihinin \u00f6nemli d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktalar\u0131ndan say\u0131lan s\u00fcrecin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn 19 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131 anarken kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z g\u00f6rsellerde asker\u00ee palto, kalpak, d\u00f6nemin yolculuk k\u0131yafetleri ve Band\u0131rma Vapuru gibi unsurlar bir araya gelir. Bu imgeler, yaln\u0131zca belirli bir \u00e2n\u0131 de\u011fil, Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele\u2019ye dair ortak tarih anlat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da temsil eder.<\/p>\n Ancak bir canland\u0131rma ile olay an\u0131nda \u00e7ekilmi\u015f bir foto\u011fraf\u0131 ay\u0131rmak<\/strong> gerekir. Eski yaz\u0131m\u0131zda Samsun\u2019a \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda kalpa\u011f\u0131n nas\u0131l g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kesin bir g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlat\u0131m\u0131ym\u0131\u015f gibi sunan ifadeler bulunuyordu. Bug\u00fcn yap\u0131lan temsili g\u00f6steriler, resimler ve k\u0131yafet d\u00fczenlemeleri tarih\u00ee atmosferi yans\u0131tabilir; fakat bunlar tek ba\u015f\u0131na Mustafa Kemal\u2019in 19 May\u0131s sabah\u0131 hangi ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 takt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlamaz. Kalpakl\u0131 foto\u011fraflar ise \u00f6zellikle Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 anlar\u0131na ait tarih\u00ee belgeler olarak de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/p>\n 19 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n kutlanmas\u0131 da zaman i\u00e7inde kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131. Samsun\u2019da 1920\u2019lerden itibaren Gazi G\u00fcn\u00fc<\/strong> ad\u0131yla yap\u0131lan t\u00f6renler, ilerleyen y\u0131llarda gen\u00e7lik ve spor etkinlikleriyle birle\u015fti. Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn bu g\u00fcne verdi\u011fi \u00f6nem biliniyor; ancak resm\u00ee bayram\u0131n do\u011frudan 1919\u2019da ilan edildi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek do\u011fru de\u011fildir. 19 May\u0131s, 1938\u2019de Gen\u00e7lik ve Spor Bayram\u0131 olarak kanuna girdi;<\/strong> g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kullan\u0131lan Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fc Anma, Gen\u00e7lik ve Spor Bayram\u0131<\/strong> ad\u0131 ise 1981 tarihli d\u00fczenlemeyle kabul edildi. Atat\u00fcrk Ansiklopedisi’ndeki 19 May\u0131s incelemesi<\/a> bu s\u00fcreci tarihleriyle a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc anmalarda Samsun\u2019a \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n temsili canland\u0131rmalar\u0131, sergiler, konu\u015fmalar, m\u00fczik ve spor etkinlikleri yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6\u011frencilerin veya oyuncular\u0131n Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele k\u0131yafetleriyle yer almas\u0131, ge\u00e7mi\u015fle g\u00f6rsel bir ba\u011f kurma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r. Kalpak burada belirli bir tarih\u00ee d\u00f6nemi hat\u0131rlatan \u00f6\u011felerden biridir; her \u015fehirde veya her kutlamada ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bu nedenle 19 May\u0131s ile kalpak aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f<\/strong> iki y\u00f6nl\u00fcd\u00fcr: Bir yanda tarih\u00ee d\u00f6nemden kalma foto\u011fraflar, di\u011fer yanda bu foto\u011fraflardan esinlenen toplumsal haf\u0131za, g\u00f6rsel sanatlar ve anma gelenekleri. Gen\u00e7 ku\u015faklar, kalpa\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6rsel anlam\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenirken Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele\u2019nin temel tarih\u00ee olaylar\u0131n\u0131 ve belgelerini ayr\u0131ca incelemelidir.<\/p>\n Kalpakl\u0131 bir Atat\u00fcrk siluetinin afi\u015f, heykel, okul panosu veya sergide kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 tarih \u00f6\u011fretiminin g\u00f6rsel ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biridir. Fakat daha derin bir tarih okumas\u0131 yapabilmek i\u00e7in Samsun\u2019dan Havza\u2019ya, Amasya\u2019dan Erzurum ve Sivas kongrelerine, sonras\u0131nda Ankara\u2019da TBMM\u2019nin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131na uzanan s\u00fcreci anlamak gerekir. Kalpak bu hik\u00e2yenin ba\u015f\u0131nda yer alan tek nesne de\u011fildir; o d\u00f6nemin foto\u011fraf, yaz\u0131\u015fma, karar ve an\u0131lar\u0131yla birlikte de\u011ferlendirilmesi gereken bir sembold\u00fcr.<\/p>\n G\u00fcnl\u00fck dilde iki kelime zaman zaman birbirinin yerine kullan\u0131lsa da ayn\u0131 \u015fey de\u011fildir. K\u00fclt\u00fcr Portal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n I\u011fd\u0131r \u00f6rne\u011finde b\u00f6rk daha konik veya \u00fc\u00e7gen bi\u00e7imli Orta Asya ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak, kalpak ise silindirik yap\u0131daki ba\u015fl\u0131k olarak ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Bununla birlikte tarih\u00ee kullan\u0131m co\u011frafyaya ve d\u00f6neme g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015febilir.<\/p>\n Kalpak se\u00e7erken tarih\u00ee adland\u0131rmadan \u00e7ok \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ger\u00e7ek formuna, malzemesine, i\u00e7 astar\u0131na ve ba\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcne bakmak daha pratiktir.<\/p>\n Bug\u00fcn kalpaklar; tarih\u00ee canland\u0131rma, mill\u00ee g\u00fcnler, koleksiyon, sahne-kost\u00fcm \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve g\u00fcnl\u00fck k\u0131\u015fl\u0131k kullan\u0131m gibi farkl\u0131 ama\u00e7larla tercih edilebiliyor. DeriSitesi\u2019nde yer alan modeller tarih\u00ee g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmlerden esinlenen g\u00fcncel el yap\u0131m\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerdir; \u00fcr\u00fcn baz\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan deri, k\u00fcrk, astar ve tasar\u0131m ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015febilir.<\/p>\n G\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015famda geleneksel kalpak kullan\u0131m\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fe k\u0131yasla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olsa da tarih\u00ee ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkinliklerde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korur. Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele d\u00f6nemini konu alan tiyatro, film, belgesel ve okul g\u00f6sterilerinde kalpakl\u0131 asker\u00ee ve sivil fig\u00fcrler g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Bu kullan\u0131mlar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 tarih\u00ee k\u0131yafetlerin temsil\u00ee olarak yeniden haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131na<\/strong> dayan\u0131r; kullan\u0131lan her yeni kalpak ayn\u0131 tarih\u00ee \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclere veya malzemelere sahip de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n Mill\u00ee bayram etkinlikleri, anma t\u00f6renleri, yerel sergiler ve \u00f6zel koleksiyonlarda kalpak hem d\u00f6neme g\u00f6nderme yapmak hem de geleneksel i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi tan\u0131tmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz izleyicisi kalpakl\u0131 bir foto\u011fraf g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde onu Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele ile ili\u015fkilendirebilir. Bununla birlikte ayn\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n farkl\u0131 d\u00f6nem ve topluluklarda daha eski anlamlar\u0131n\u0131n da bulundu\u011funu unutmamak gerekir.<\/p>\n Anadolu d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde geleneksel ba\u015fl\u0131klar bir\u00e7ok yerde t\u00f6ren k\u0131yafetinin par\u00e7as\u0131 olmaya devam eder. \u00d6rne\u011fin K\u0131rg\u0131zistan\u2019da beyaz ke\u00e7e ak kalpak<\/strong>, zanaatk\u00e2rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kimli\u011fiyle \u00f6zel bir yer tutar. Kazak ve T\u00fcrkmen topluluklar\u0131nda ise bi\u00e7imleri ve yerel adlar\u0131 farkl\u0131 olan ba\u015fl\u0131klar g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu \u00e7e\u015fitlilik kalpak kelimesinin yaln\u0131zca Mustafa Kemal d\u00f6nemine ait tek bir ba\u015fl\u0131k tipini tan\u0131mlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n Eski Journal yaz\u0131m\u0131zda, ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n toplumsal haf\u0131zada kimi zaman sayg\u0131nl\u0131k, aidiyet veya ge\u00e7mi\u015fle ba\u011f kurman\u0131n simgesi h\u00e2line geldi\u011fi anlat\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bu anlamlar\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn insanlara ve b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00f6nemlere ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde y\u00fcklemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011filse de geleneksel ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yaln\u0131z bir k\u0131\u015fl\u0131k e\u015fya olmaktan \u00f6teye ge\u00e7mesi<\/strong> olgusu k\u00fclt\u00fcrel a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n Kalpaklar bug\u00fcn yaln\u0131zca sahne kost\u00fcm\u00fc olarak de\u011fil; ki\u015fisel koleksiyon, hediye veya k\u0131\u015fl\u0131k giyim amac\u0131yla da \u00fcretilebiliyor. Astragan desenli y\u00fczey, sade deri g\u00f6vde, ay-y\u0131ld\u0131z i\u015flemeleri, farkl\u0131 astar t\u00fcrleri ve y\u00fckseklik se\u00e7enekleri ayn\u0131 kategoride yer alabilir. \u201cAstragan desenli\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm, tek ba\u015f\u0131na \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ger\u00e7ekten karakul veya ba\u015fka bir k\u00fcrkten yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlamaz.<\/strong> Kullan\u0131lan hakiki veya yapay malzemeyi \u00fcr\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131ndan ayr\u0131ca do\u011frulamak gerekir.<\/p>\n Bir model tarih\u00ee bir foto\u011frafa benzetilmi\u015f olabilir; bu, m\u00fczedeki \u00f6zg\u00fcn ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n birebir kopyas\u0131 oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmez. Tarih\u00ee koleksiyonlar i\u00e7in belgelendirme ve nesnenin k\u00f6keni, g\u00fcnl\u00fck kullan\u0131m i\u00e7in ba\u015f \u00e7evresi ve astar konforu, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkinlikler i\u00e7inse do\u011fru g\u00f6rsel ba\u011flam daha \u00f6nemlidir. B\u00f6ylece kalpak, yaln\u0131z ge\u00e7mi\u015fi hat\u0131rlatan bir simge olarak de\u011fil, bi\u00e7imi ve i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi bug\u00fcn de \u00fczerinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen bir gelenek olarak ya\u015famay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilir.<\/p>\n Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele d\u00f6nemindeki kalpaklardan esinlenen g\u00fcncel modelleri ba\u015f \u00e7evresi, d\u0131\u015f malzeme, i\u00e7 astar ve bi\u00e7im bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n; \u00fcr\u00fcnleri birebir tarih\u00ee eser olarak de\u011ferlendirmeyin.<\/p>\n Tarih\u00ee Esintili Deri Kalpak Modellerini G\u00f6r \u2192<\/a>\n<\/div>\n Kalpak, deri, k\u00fcrk veya ke\u00e7eden yap\u0131labilen geleneksel ba\u015fl\u0131k bi\u00e7imlerinden biridir. Anadolu, Kafkasya ve Orta Asya\u2019da farkl\u0131 formlarda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kullan\u0131m amac\u0131 yaln\u0131zca so\u011fuktan korunma de\u011fildir; kimi toplumlarda t\u00f6ren k\u0131yafetleri, yerel gelenekler ve aidiyetle de ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015ftir. Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele d\u00f6nemindeki foto\u011fraflar sayesinde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ayr\u0131ca g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir tarih\u00ee \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131m ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele d\u00f6neminde kalpak kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarih\u00ee foto\u011fraflarla biliniyor. D\u00f6nemin asker\u00ee giyim gelenekleri, iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve kalpa\u011f\u0131n toplumdaki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bu tercihi anlamaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Ancak yaln\u0131z foto\u011fraflardan hareketle onun kalpa\u011f\u0131 hangi tek ve kesin siyasi gerek\u00e7eyle se\u00e7ti\u011fini s\u00f6yleyemeyiz. Sonraki y\u0131llarda kalpakl\u0131 foto\u011fraflar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesinin en tan\u0131nan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri aras\u0131nda yer ald\u0131.<\/p>\n Her zaman de\u011fil. \u0130ki kelime tarih boyunca farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde \u00e7e\u015fitli geleneksel ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin kimi y\u00f6resel a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda b\u00f6rk konik veya farkl\u0131 tepeli bir ba\u015fl\u0131k, kalpaksa daha silindirik bir form olarak ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Fakat bu ayr\u0131m b\u00fct\u00fcn tarih\u00ee d\u00f6nemler i\u00e7in de\u011fi\u015fmez de\u011fildir. Daha kapsaml\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in Kalpak Nedir?<\/a> rehberine bakabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n 671 say\u0131l\u0131 ve 25 Kas\u0131m 1925 tarihli \u015eapka \u0130ktisas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Kanun’da kalpak, ad\u0131yla tek tek say\u0131larak genel ve ko\u015fulsuz bi\u00e7imde yasaklanan bir nesne de\u011fildir. Kanun \u00f6ncelikle milletvekilleri ile devlet g\u00f6revlilerinin \u015fapka giymesini zorunlu k\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u015fapkay\u0131 halk\u0131n genel ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak kabul etti. D\u00f6nemin idari uygulamalar\u0131 ve daha sonra getirilen h\u00fck\u00fcmler ayr\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Bu y\u00fczden eski metnimizdeki \u201cher yerde kalpak giymek yasakland\u0131\u201d yarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 geri getirmedik.<\/p>\n Kalpak, g\u00fcnl\u00fck k\u0131\u015fl\u0131k giyim se\u00e7enekleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tarih\u00ee canland\u0131rmalar, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkinlikler, sahne \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, koleksiyonlar ve baz\u0131 \u00f6zel t\u00f6renlerde kullan\u0131labiliyor. Bir \u00fcr\u00fcn se\u00e7ilecekse ba\u015f \u00e7evresi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc, malzeme, astar, diki\u015f ve modelin ger\u00e7ek foto\u011fraflar\u0131na dikkat edilmelidir. \u201cGazi kalpa\u011f\u0131\u201d veya \u201cKuvay\u0131 Milliye kalpa\u011f\u0131\u201d gibi ticari adlar, \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn belirli bir tarih\u00ee nesneyle ayn\u0131 oldu\u011funu tek ba\u015f\u0131na kan\u0131tlamaz.<\/p>\n Atat\u00fcrk d\u00f6neminin kalpaklar\u0131ndan esinlenen bir model ar\u0131yorsan\u0131z \u00f6ncelikle ba\u015f \u00e7evrenizi do\u011fru \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcn ve \u00fcr\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131ndaki malzeme bilgisini inceleyin. DeriSitesi\u2019nin deri kalpak modelleri<\/a> aras\u0131nda farkl\u0131 renk, malzeme ve formlarda el yap\u0131m\u0131 se\u00e7enekler bulunur.<\/p>\n Model se\u00e7imi i\u00e7in ayr\u0131ca Atat\u00fcrk kalpa\u011f\u0131 beden ve kullan\u0131m rehberini<\/a> ve Atat\u00fcrk kalpak modelleri rehberini<\/a> inceleyebilirsiniz.<\/p>\nKalpa\u011f\u0131n T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcndeki yeri ve anlam\u0131<\/h3>\n
Osmanl\u0131\u2019da Ba\u015fl\u0131k Modas\u0131: Fesin Y\u00fckseli\u015fi ve Kalpak<\/h2>\n
Atat\u00fcrk ve Kalpak \u0130li\u015fkisi<\/h2>\n
<\/p>\nKalpakl\u0131 Atat\u00fcrk g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn tarih\u00ee yeri<\/h3>\n
Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele D\u00f6neminde Kalpak<\/h2>\n
\u015eapka ve K\u0131yafet Devrimi ile Kalpak Aras\u0131ndaki \u0130li\u015fki<\/h2>\n
1925\u2019e giden s\u00fcre\u00e7 ve farkl\u0131 tepkiler<\/h3>\n
19 May\u0131s Ruhu: Gen\u00e7lik, Spor ve Kalpak Sembolizmi<\/h2>\n
19 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n bayram olarak kabul edilmesi<\/h3>\n
Kalpak ile B\u00f6rk Ayn\u0131 \u015eey mi?<\/h2>\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Atat\u00fcrk Kalpa\u011f\u0131 ve Tarih\u00ee Kalpak Modelleri<\/h2>\n
<\/p>\nT\u00f6renler, tarih\u00ee canland\u0131rmalar ve ekran yap\u0131mlar\u0131<\/h3>\n
T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ya\u015fayan miras<\/h3>\n
El i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi, koleksiyon ve g\u00fcncel modeller<\/h3>\n
Kalpak Se\u00e7erken Nelere Dikkat Edilmeli?<\/h2>\n
\n
\nG\u00fcncel Deri Kalpak Modellerine G\u00f6z At\u0131n<\/strong><\/p>\nS\u0131k\u00e7a Sorulan Sorular<\/h2>\n
1. Kalpak nedir ve T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde neden \u00f6nemlidir?<\/h3>\n
2. Atat\u00fcrk neden kalpak takm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/h3>\n
3. Kalpak ile b\u00f6rk ayn\u0131 \u015fey mi?<\/h3>\n
4. \u015eapka \u0130nk\u0131l\u00e2b\u0131 kalpak giymeyi yasaklad\u0131 m\u0131?<\/h3>\n
5. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kimler kalpak kullan\u0131yor?<\/h3>\n
Atat\u00fcrk Kalpa\u011f\u0131 Sat\u0131n Al\u0131rken<\/h2>\n